不同落叶提取液对豇豆种子化感效应的研究

以豇豆种子为受体材料,研究5种落叶提取液对豇豆种子的化感作用.结果表明:不同浓度的落叶提取液对豇豆种子发芽和幼苗的生长有不同的影响,落叶提取液对种子萌发表现出高浓度抑制、低浓度促进的现象.对幼苗的生长有一定的促进作用,小叶榕、黄桷兰落叶提取液不同程度地抑制豇豆的干物质重,且随着浓度的增加,抑制作用逐渐增强;桂花落叶提取液对豇干物质重的影响呈现出低浓度促进、高浓度抑制现象.     

叶面损伤对茎瘤芥主要经济性状的影响研究

研究返青成活期、瘤茎膨大始期和盛期茎瘤芥叶片受损对其主要经济性状的影响,结果表明:在试验范围内,叶面损伤对茎瘤芥瘤茎形状、茎瘤芥产量、植株大小等有影响且规律性明显;叶片受损程度越大,受损时间越迟,影响越大。完全展开的叶片受损后对茎瘤芥主要经济性状的影响要低于未完全展开的叶片,完全展开叶全部受损后,未完全展开叶再受损影响更大,而且随着叶片受损程度的加重和时间的推迟影响增大。     

青脚白羽鸡测交羽色效应研究

青脚白羽鸡是近年来选育出的新品种,为了利用好该鸡种优良的种质特性,试验中用其他优良鸡种与其测交,以期使更多的优良性状组合在一起,甚至超过双亲,将杂交优势在生产中加以利用。目前的试验结果表明,以青脚白羽鸡作母本、川东大黑鸡作父本的测交组合经济性状效果最好,其测交的羽色遗传效应较复杂,认真研究该遗传效应,对于丰富遗传育种理论和指导育种实践有着重要的意义。     

Spatiotemporally interactive growth dynamics in selected South African forests: Edaphoclimatic environment, crowding and climate effects

Stand-level tree diameter growth patterns were explored for evergreen moist forests in the southern Cape, South Africa. Results of standard multiple regression analyses, involving 934 permanent sample plots with data spanning a 10-year interval, revealed that stand-level increment of canopy species in the canopy layer (>30 cm dbh) was significantly determined by inherent species-specific growth capacities (species composition of the stand), water availability, forest matrix crowding and tree condition impairment (age-related manifestations of reduced vitality indicated by signs of crown die-back, damage and stem rot). In contrast, stand-level increment of trees of canopy species in the subcanopy layer (10-20 cm dbh) was prominently shaped by light availability, as mainly determined by the degree of canopy-level disturbance (mortality rate of trees >30 cm dbh), crowding (canopy-level overhead and forest matrix crowding) and proximity to conspecific adults (within 6-8 m). In addition to species-inherent and resource factors, considerable variation in stand-level growth resulted from site-climate interactions. For 507 of the permanent sample plots, increment data was available for two consecutive 10-year intervals; permitting the analysis of spatiotemporal interactions of growth patterns (repeated measures ANOVA). In the Knysna forests higher canopy-level increment rates were associated with the moister southerly facing slope sites in comparison with the drier northerly facing and ridge sites during the first increment period. During the second increment period, increment rates on the drier, but better illuminated sites had increased disproportionately. In contrast, in the Tsitsikamma forests, higher increment rates during the second increment period were encountered on moister flat bottomland sites (with extended periods of subsoil wetness) than on the comparatively drier southerly facing slope sites (increment period × site-based water availability × forests interaction). In both forests relatively higher growth performance of subcanopy-level trees during the second increment period was associated with stands experiencing conditions of enhanced light availability. Atmospheric temperatures were higher during the second increment period (mean periodic T_max: + 0.64 °C). The detected spatiotemporal interactions were interpreted as site × climate interactions where site-related conditions of favourable light or water availability resulted in enhanced temperature-linked growth responses during the second increment period. A metabolic performance trade-off model provided a framework for the interpretation of these complex site-climate interactions by placing the patterns of forest growth into an ecophysiological explanatory context.     

青海湟水河流域不同退耕还林模式水文效应

基于野外采样、定点观测和室内实验,研究青海湟水河流域不同退耕还林模式水文效应,结果表明：不同林分类型枯落物有效持水性大小顺序为云杉桦树混交〉桦树〉云杉〉沙棘,其林下土壤持水性大小顺序为云杉桦树混交〉沙棘〉桦树〉云杉〉农田;森林土壤是森林生态系统水文效应的主体,枯落物和土壤总持水性大小顺序为云杉桦树混交〉沙棘〉桦树〉云杉〉农田。不同林分类型枯落物持水量决定于枯落物蓄积量和自然含水率,其林下土壤持水量决定于土壤非毛细管孔隙度。     

Long term effects of fire on ectomycorrhizas and soil properties in Nothofagus pumilio forests in Argentina

The forests of Nothofagus pumilio have historically been affected by forest fires. The effects of fire on certain above and belowground, biotic and abiotic components of these ecosystems have been previously documented, albeit belowground components have received much less attention. It has been suggested that the effects observed in the short-term after a fire usually differ from the longer-term effects. The long-term effects of fire (i.e. >5 years after burning) on belowground components in Nothofagus forests are currently unknown. In the present study we evaluated the long-term effect of fire on ectomycorrhiza (ECM) colonization and morphotype composition in N. pumilio roots, as well as soil chemical properties in temperate forests in Patagonia. Sampling was conducted in three mature monospecific forests. In each, nearby burned and unburned sites were selected. The time since the occurrence of fires differed between areas (i.e. 6-10 years). Within each site, 3 transects of 40 m were established randomly along which 5 samples of roots and soil were collected in spring and autumn. The main results were: (1) in comparison with the unburned site, ECM colonization was lower in the burned site in the area with the shorter time length since fire occurrence and no effects in the other two areas were observed; (2) richness and diversity were not significantly affected by fire but there was a significant effect of season for both parameters, being higher in spring; (3) ECM dominance was significantly higher in the unburned than in the burned site in Tronador, while in Challhuaco the opposite was observed, mainly in autumn; (4) in general carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous decreased while pH increased in the burned sites; (5) ECM colonization positively correlated with NH⁴⁺ and phosphorus and negatively with pH but was not significantly correlated with organic matter or any other soil variable. Altogether the results suggest that effects of fire on ectomycorrhiza and soil properties in N. pumilio forests are probably related to the time elapsed since fire occurrence combined with site characteristics. In addition, the direct and indirect effects of fire in these forest systems may persist for more than 10 years.     

Carbon stocks, soil respiration and microbial biomass in fire-prone tropical grassland, woodland and forest ecosystems

A thorough understanding of the role of microbes in C cycling in relation to fire is important for estimation of C emissions and for development of guidelines for sustainable management of dry ecosystems. We investigated the seasonal changes and spatial distribution of soil total, dissolved organic C (DOC) and microbial biomass C during 18 months, quantified the soil CO₂ emission in the beginning of the rainy season, and related these variables to the fire frequency in important dry vegetation types grassland, woodland and dry forest in Ethiopia. The soil C isotope ratios (δ¹³C) reflected the 15-fold decrease in the grass biomass along the vegetation gradient and the 12-fold increase in woody biomass in the opposite direction. Changes in δ¹³C down the soil profiles also suggested that in two of the grass-dominated sites woody plants were more frequent in the past. The soil C stock ranged from being 2.5 (dry forest) to 48 times (grassland) higher than the C stock in the aboveground plant biomass. The influence of fire in frequently burnt wooded grassland was evident as an unchanged or increasing total C content down the soil profile. DOC and microbial biomass measured with the fumigation-extraction method (C_mic) reflected the vertical distribution of soil organic matter (SOM). However, although SOM was stable throughout the year, seasonal fluctuations in C_mic and substrate-induced respiration (SIR) were large. In woodland and woodland-wooded grassland C_mic and SIR increased in the dry season, and gradually decreased during the following rainy season, confirming previous suggestions that microbes may play an important role in nutrient retention in the dry season. However, in dry forest and two wooded grasslands C_mic and SIR was stable throughout the rainy season, or even increased in this period, which could lead to enhanced competition with plants for nutrients. Both the range and the seasonal changes in soil microbial biomass C in dry tropical ecosystems may be wider than previously assumed. Neither SIR nor C_mic were good predictors of in situ soil respiration. The soil respiration was relatively high in infrequently burnt forest and woodland, while frequently burnt grasslands had lower rates, presumably because most C is released through dry season burning and not through decomposition in fire-prone systems. Shifts in the relative importance of the two pathways for C release from organic matter may have strong implications for C and nutrient cycling in seasonally dry tropical ecosystems.     

Effect of nutrient compositions in peat hydrolysate on protein and biomass yields of Candida tropicalis

Summary Research was conducted to study the effect of nutrient compositions, at different levels, added in peat hydrolysates on biomass yields and protein of Candida tropicalis. Samples of Minnesota sphagnum peat were hydrolyzed by boiling at 100°C with 1-1 H₂SO₄ solutions to produce peat hydrolysates which can support the growth of yeast. Peat hydrolysates were adjusted to pH 5.5 and mixed with mineral nutrients (NH₄NO₃, NaH₂PO₄ + Na₂HPO₄, KCl, and MgSO₄) and glucose. Among the single nutrients tested, glucose produced the most significant enhancement of biomass yields, followed by NH₄NO₃, NaH₂PO₄ + Na₂HPO₄, KCl, and MgSO₄. NH₄NO₃ was found to be the most important single nutrient affecting protein accumulation in yeast cells, followed by glucose > NaH₂PO₄ + Na₂HPO₄ > KCl > MgSO₄. However, protein and biomass production was significantly (P 0.05) greater for combined nutrients than for any single-nutrient enrichment. The level of residual reducing sugars in peat hydrolysate was inversely proportional to cell counts and optical densities. Addition of high concentrations of nutrients delayed the time of reaching to stationary phase in optical density, cell counts, and pH of yeast cultures. In general, as nutrients were increased, significant (P 0.05) increases in productivity and cell density were observed. However, specific growth rate decreased with increasing nutrient concentrations. It was concluded that nutrient amendments containing supplementary sources of C/N/P/K/S = 400:36:3.3:3.8:1 are most suitable for biomass production and the biosynthesis of protein by C. tropicalis.     

Do effects of soil compaction persist after ploughing? Results from 21 long-term field experiments in Sweden

The extent and persistence of the effect of soil compaction in a system with annual ploughing were investigated in 21 long-term field experiments in Sweden with a total of 259 location-years. Crop yield, soil physical properties and plant establishment were determined. All experiments had two common treatments: control (no extra traffic) and compacted (350 Mg km ha⁻¹ of experimental traffic in the autumn prior to ploughing), using a tractor and trailer with traditional wheel equipment and an axle load restricted to 4 Mg. During the rest of the year, both treatments were conventionally and equally tilled. The compaction was repeated each autumn for at least 7 years, and the yield was determined each year until 5 years after the termination of the compaction treatment.

Compaction decreased the porosity and the proportion of large pores and increased the tensile strength of dry aggregates. On clay and loam soils, it decreased the proportion of fine aggregates in the seedbed and the gravimetric soil water content in the seedbed.

The yield in the compacted treatment declined compared with the control during the first 4 years, after which it reached steady state. During this steady state, the compaction treatment caused a yield loss of 11.4%, averaged over 107 location-years. Within 4–5 years after the termination of the compaction treatment, the yield returned to the control level. The average yield loss at individual sites increased with increasing clay content.

Results from additional treatments indicated that yield loss was linearly correlated with the amount of traffic up to 300–400 Mg km ha⁻¹. With greater ground contact pressure or a greater soil water content at time of traffic, there was a greater yield loss.

Soil compaction effects on yield were similar for all spring-sown crops, and the percentage yield loss seemed to be independent of the yield. In a few location-years with winter wheat there was on average no yield decrease.

There were 5.1% less plants in the compacted treatment than in the control. The yield decrease was significantly correlated with the number of plants.

Between years results were highly variable, and no consistent correlations between yield loss and soil water content at the time of traffic or the weather conditions during the growing period were found. Soil compaction affected yield during years with good as well as poor conditions for crop growth.     

Sulphur mineralization and release of soluble organic sulphur from camp and non-camp soils of grazed pastures receiving long-term superphosphate applications

Summary Topsoils (0–75 mm) from four soil types with different sulphate retention capacities were collected from stock camp and non-camp (main grazing area) sites of grazed pastures in New Zealand which had been annually fertilized with superphosphate for more than 15 years. These soils were analysed for different S fractions and incubated at 30°C for 10 weeks using an open incubation technique in order to assess the extent of S mineralization and the release of soluble soil organic S from camp and non-camp soils during incubation. The soils were preleached with 0.01 M KCl, followed by 0.04 M Ca(H₂PO₄)₂ before being incubated. Pre-incubation leachates and weekly 0.01 M KCl leachates were analysed for mineralized S (i.e., hydriodic acid-reducible S) and total S. Soluble organic S was estimated as the difference between these two S fractions. Results obtained show higher cumulative amounts of all three S fractions in leachates over a 10-week incubation period in camp than in non-camp soils, suggesting that higher mineralization occurred in camp soils. Cumulative amounts of mineralized S from camp and non-camp soils showed a linear relationship with duration of incubation (R ²0.985^***), while the cumulative release of soluble organic S followed a quadratic relationship (R ²0.975^***). A significant proportion (14.6%–40.8%) of total S release in KCl leachates was soluble organic S, indcating that organic S should be taken into account when assessing S mineralization. Mineralized S and soluble organic S were best correlated with 0.01 M CaCl₂-extractable soil inorganic S (R ²=0.767^***) and 0.04 M Ca(H₂PO₄)₂-extractable soil inorganic S(R ²=0.823^***), respectively. Soil sulphate retention capacity was found to influence amounts of mineralized S and soluble organic S, and thus periodic leaching with KCl to remove mineralized S from soils may not adequately reflect the extent of soil S mineralization in high sulphate-retentive soils. In low (<10%) sulphateretentive soils, increasing the superphosphate applications from 188 to 376 kg ha^–1 year^–1 increased S mineralization but not amounts of C-bonded and hydriodic acid-reducible soil S fractions.